The Skinner s Theory Of Self Awareness, And Moral...

B.F Skinner was one of the most intelligence physiologist and a man who borderline on frightening traits for a physiologist when it came to creating learning theories, due to his cruelty towards his experiments and the way he view society structured. Learning theories can be viewed as mental concepts informing human beings or society, how information is gathered, processed, and how individuals retained it during learning concepts. Skinner created concepts such as conditioned behavior,† positive reinforcement,† and punishments for children who behavior was viewed as menacing. This term is known as time-out for children today, their own version of the Pandora box if parents choose that path. Moreover, as a radical psychologist among his fellow peers in their field, Skinner departs from certain beliefs that challenge the notions of self-awareness and moral autonomy of the individual. These particular main philosophies of science are known as dignity and free-will. Skinner ma in cogent contribution to psychology was his theory that the consequences we suffer in our human lives, are directly tied to our behavior along with our environment. As a behaviorism who supports deterministic behaviorism, Skinner view free-will as unrealistic theory. To illustrate, individuals can make their own ideals or choices, whether to act on their desires by going against the law or not. That does not apply to medically insane or young individuals such as infants or children who have come toShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Hunger Motivation Theories1812 Words   |  8 Pagescertain book characters; I was able to see the correlation between how my english teacher taught me about the character’s motivation and how I could apply these concepts to my course in Psychology. Furthermore, I also find that the hunger motivation theories were interesting because of its connection to psychology, physiology and motivation. The chapter was significant because humans deal with stress and emotions in their lives; these stressors and emotions are specifically apparent during the teenageRead MoreTeachers Knowledge Of Child Development1911 Words   |  8 Pageseducation for young children. These early years are of crucial importance where foundations for brain, health, emotions, and physical development are laid. Child development theories explain how children develop and learn, which helps guide early childhood professionals in providing quality learning experiences for children. These theories also help to understand the progression and necessity of learning in children, hence, immensely beneficial in enhancing instruction practices. Many theorists have contributedRead More Lifespan reflective paper6038 Words   |  25 Pagescharacteristics that differentiate one person from another. The study of social development examines the way in which individuals’ interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. Those who study lifespan development approach the field from different perspectives. These perspectives are based on various developmental theories. Six major theoretical perspectives are used in lifespan development: psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspectiveRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14082 Words   |  57 PagesCHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children are like and how they change. Children are beings whoRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 PagesDEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children are like and how they change. Children are beingsRead MorePersonality Theories5586 Words   |  23 PagesPersonality Theories Almost everyday we describe and assess the personalities of the people around us. Whether we realize it or not, these daily musings on how and why people behave as they do are similar to what personality psychologists do. Personality psychology looks at the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique. Some of the best known theories in psychology are devoted to the subject of personality. Almost everyday we describe and assess the personalities ofRead MoreNothing Yet4104 Words   |  17 PagesC) serotonin. D) dopamine. E) alcohol. 4. Menopause is associated with a reduction in: A) adrenaline. B) testosterone. C) estrogen. D) acetylcholine. E) dopamine. 5. Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person s: A) accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. B) ability to reason speedily and abstractly. C) ability to assume the perspective of others. D) willingness to revise beliefs in light of new information. E) ability to master new information andRead MoreIntro to Psychology: Chapter Notes 1- 54753 Words   |  20 Pages2012 Chapter 1- What is psychology? [pp. 1-23] LO1: Psychology as a Science (p. 4) * Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. * Seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. * Theory * propose reason for relationships * derive explanations * make predictions LO2: What psychologists do (p. 5-6) * Research * pure Research * Applied Research * Practice * Teaching * Fields of Psychology Read MorePersonality Theory And Personality Theories3650 Words   |  15 PagesPersonality is the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person’s character that influences behavior. Personality is something we deal with on a daily basis. We question people s behavior based on their motivations; like what childhood experiences did they go through to make them behave in a certain way. Many personality theorists present their own definitions of the word, personality, based on their own theoretical positions. These theorists try to explain people’s actionsRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Objective I.1 Define psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes. |Margin Learning Question(s) (if applicable) |Page(s) | |None | | Key Terms Psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes. Exercises 1. Put a check mark

The Effects Of Social Networking On Society - 1545 Words

Sheena Gonzales Instructor Mushett Eng-123 10 June, 2015 The Effects of Social Networking Social networking websites (further referred to as SNS) are web based platforms in which people connect to other individuals that they already have a real-life connection to, locate individuals they have shared interests with, and they allow users to share information with others such as photographs, life events and thoughts. Being able to keep current with one s personal group quickly and easily is one of the reasons SNS have become so mainstream (McKensie 436). The ability to communicate to a wide audience in real time has its benefits, such as maintaining friendships with people one would have otherwise lost contact with, giving shy people the ability to interact with others without feeling overwhelmed, and constructing new relationships with peers. In spite of the positive benefits individuals should restrict their use of SNS for a number of reasons, such as the fact that they repeatedly jeopardize the privacy and safety of their users, they have been discovered to cause peer envy in an extensive range of users which frequently leads to or exacerbates depression and/or depressive symptoms, and they also make available a platform for which cyberbullying has been conceived and continues to flourish at an alarming rate. Privacy and Safety The common SNS user has their privacy placed in jeopardy daily by their lack of knowledge regarding the site s privacy statement. Although theseShow MoreRelatedSocial Networking and Effects on Society1326 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Networking and Effects on Society Wouldn’t you say that online social networking has changed the way society interacts with friends, family and perfect strangers. When someone exposes themselves to these sites, they open the door to allow these people into their lives. Some of them you would have passed on the street and not even thought of befriending. These people you have chosen to interact with, whether they are in your city, another state, another country or just someone you met onlineRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1303 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, online social networking has taken on society by storm. Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram are just to name a few of the objects of mass consumption and insatiable obsession. Those online social network sites have become an influential and integral aspect in our daily lives. They have a tremendous impact on society through its persistently active users, whether or not it is directly or indirectly. In fact, the stability and well being of society revolve around social media due to itsRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society917 Words   |  4 PagesAdvancing technology has played a part in the new methods of communication and with being very social creatures, who experiment with new ways of socializing, have found a new way to connect. Social Networking websites have changed how the world connects with friends and family, changing from the traditional ways of connecting with others like face-to-face connections. Many concerned themselves that social networking friendships centered on expectations that sites such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, andRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effects On Society2163 Words   |  9 PagesSocial networking is an online community of people with a common interest who use a website or other technologies to communicate with each other and share information and resources, according to Webster. There are countless social networking sites that make it possible to esta blish connections between people. Some of the most popular sites are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. These social sites make it easier for people to find and communicate with others that share the same network. AlthoughRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1997 Words   |  8 Pagesmodern times, technological advancement has greatly improved the social benefits within society. A vastly growing percentage of young people across America are growing more proficient in using the internet for communication across their country to international regions. In the year 2009, a national survey was conducted for individuals between the ages of eight to eighteen years, where the average time adolescents spent on any form of social media was more than 7.5 hours of a day. Once the average timeRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effects On Society3236 Words   |  13 Pages When we hear the word â€Å"social networking† what comes to mind is: Facebook, Twitter, Insta gram, Myspace, OoVoo and so on. While accessing these trendy resources, we can interact with others by messaging, video chatting, live streaming, instant chatting and overall fast pace communication. Society as we know it has evolved tremendously in regards to the way we communicate and interact with one another. There is a significant difference between the way we used to get in touch with our families andRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effects On Society988 Words   |  4 Pagesaccounts on multiple social networking sites and they spend a lot of time on updating the developments in their daily life and uploading various media like pictures and videos. People really enjoy doing this kind of activity, to be able to communicate with their friends, family members, and also meet new people. For certain people who use social networking as a marketing forum, this is an effective method. However social networking comes with its own share of negative effects on people. It is indeedRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Intro Over half of the world uses the internet. 2.2 billion people actively use any kind of social networking. There were 176 million new users of social media just last year (Regan 1). With the influence of so many people a pressing question: Is the impact of social media harmful or beneficial in its effects? Social networking is one of the biggest reports of online traffic. So, if so many people are using these networking sites, what are the effects on us? The â€Å"first†Read MoreThe Effects of Social Networking upon Society1100 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: Social networking is a network of sites is very effective in facilitating social life among a group of acquaintances and friends , and enable old friends to connect to each other and after a long year , and enable them to also communicate the visual and audio and share images and other possibilities that solidified social relationship between them. Featured social networking such as : ( Facebook – WatsApp - Twitter – Skype - MySpace - LIVE Boone - Hi- Five - Orkut - Tagd - YouTubeRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Social networking websites (further referred to as SNS) are web based platforms in which people connect to other individuals that they already have a real-life connection to, locate individuals they have shared interests with, and they allow users to share information with others such as photographs, life events and thoughts. Being able to keep current with one s personal group quickly and easily is one of the reasons SNS have become so mainstream (McKensie 436)

1984 Betrayal free essay sample

To do that, they start with the children. The Party makes children devoted members of the Party by telling them to betray anyone for showing any signs of betrayal to the government, including their parents. Subsequently, this also turns them into uncontrollable savages. Winston witnesses this first hand while fixing Mrs. Parson’s sink. The little boy and girl continually call him a â€Å"traitor† and a â€Å"thought-criminal† and shoot him with a sling shot. Similarly, the thought police also betray others who they think could potentially challenge authorities. The Thought Police observe people, even Party members, through the use of the telescreen which allows them to see and hear what people are doing. The role of the thought police is to observe a person’s actions and take note of anything that resembles an unorthodox opinion or an inner struggle. If they have evidence to allow them to think that you’re betraying Big Brother, they will vaporize you. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 Betrayal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On top of that, the people of Oceania don’t know who the members of the Though Police are. As a result, no one can truly trust another just as Winston says: â€Å"It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself- anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide† (Orwell 65). Additionally, Room 101 was a way the Party encouraged betrayal. Room 101 is a torture chamber in the Ministry of Love in which a prisoner is subjected to his or hers worst fear. Room 101 makes you betray whatever human individuality youre clinging to including love, loyalty, or any percentage of hope there is. As soon as a prisoner betrays the source of their human individuality, they are then let go. Individual characters betrayal against each other also contributes to Winton’s final betrayal. Kind and amiable, Mr. Charrington sells the diary to Winston in Book 1 and lets Winston and Julia rent out the room above his store. Winston is told by Mr. Charrington that â€Å"[He] never had [a telescreen]. [It’s] too expensive. And [he] never seemed to feel the need for it. † (Orwell 218) He then turns out to be a member of the Thought Police and lured Winston and Julia into his elaborate trap. While being held prisoner, Winston encounters the one person who he thought wouldn’t be turned in, Mr. Parsons. While talking, he told Winston that his daughter turned him in for him blabbering â€Å"Down with Big Brother† in his sleep. He was ignorantly proud of his daughter for betraying him saying â€Å"I dont bear her any grudge for it. In fact Im proud of her. It shows I brought her up in the right spirit, anyway. † (Orwell 291) Sadly, while being tortured in Room 101 Winston is forced to betray Julia. They use rats as a form of torture for Winston until he pleads â€Å"Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don’t care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me! (Orwell 358). Afterwards, he talks with Julia without being secretive to the telescreens. He learns that Julia has also betrayed him too. She confesses that while they’re torturing you that â€Å"You WANT it to happen to the other person. You don’t give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself†¦ and after that, you don’t feel the same towards the person any longer. † (Orwell 365) As a result of the constant betrayal throughout the novel Winston has nothing to live for. He becomes an alcoholic and has no more individual human characteristics. The Party had made him believe that the memories of his sister and mother were false and also that they were always at war with Eastasia. He was finally like all of the rest of the controlled zombies that were recognized as the citizens of Airstrip One. He believed the slogan that â€Å"War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. † At the end, the final betrayal is the betrayal of himself. He had completely transformed into a person who obeyed the Party and ultimately, loved Big Brother.

Puppy Factories free essay sample

Foundations of Academic Writing Final Essay Griffith University Every year hundreds of thousands of puppies are brought into the world by mass-breeding operations called puppy factories (also called puppy mills). These factories provide most of the puppies sold in pet stores, so they continue to be highly profitable and flourish. Here, dogs are housed in deprived conditions, mainly for breeding stock animals. These animals are continually bred for years for years, without the company of humans and with little hope of ever becoming part of a Emily. When these breeding dogs outlive their usefulness they are usually killed, sold to another factory, or abandoned. Puppies produced in these factories often leave with serious health problems. The puppy factory is a business that is why the facility is designed purely for profit and not comfort. Laws are on the books to give minimum-care principles for puppy factory animals, but enforcement has in history been spotty at best. We will write a custom essay sample on Puppy Factories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All over this world, animals, and especially dogs have brought love, amusement, and company to the people. Nowadays, doctors, social workers, and latherer professionals believe that companion animals are necessary in serving many people live happily (Croon Croon, 2005). One is likely to develop a rewarding relationship with your canine companion if he or she practices the following. First of all, outfit your dog with a collar that has your name and telephone number. This greatly increases the chances that your pet will be brought home safely if lost. Secondly, follow local laws for licensing your dog and vaccinating your dog for rabies. Check for information regarding legal requirements, and where to have your pet vaccinated. Thirdly, give your dog appropriate shelter. A fenced backyard with a dog-house is an additional benefit, particularly for large and vigorous dogs. However, dogs are not supposed to be left outside unaccompanied. Another way of caring for your dog well is by taking it to the veterinarian tort normal checkups. It you dont nave a veterinarian, ask your local animal shelter or a pet-owning friend for a referral. Spray or neuter your dog. Dogs that have this regular surgical treatment tend to live longer, look healthy, and do not like biting and running away. Spraying and neutering our dog reduces the problem of pet overpopulation. Dogs are also supposed to be given a nutritionally balanced diet, including stable access to clean water. Consult your veterinarian for advice on what and how often to feed your pet (Bishop, 2005). Dogs should be given good exercise to keep them bodily fit but not tired. Most dog owners find that playing with their dogs provides adequate exercise. Lastly, be reliable to and tolerant with your dog. Make sure your expectations to your dog are rational. If you are besieged with the behavior of your pet, consult your veterinarian for guidance. Enrolling your dog in a training class will be a nice move too. Positive dog training will permit you to manage the actions of your companion safely and humanely. This experience also offers a terrific opportunity to enhance the bond you share (Bill, 2011). Dogs in factories should receive better treatment, same as humans. This is because they are useful to us in the following ways: The first reason is that dogs help in companionship. They are known to fill many lonely times, especially for the old people who live unaccompanied or feel secluded from family and friends. They are always available eager to give and receive love. Pets satisfy the universal human need to be satisfied. Secondly, dogs are loyal, devoted, and utterly forgiving. There is a point of acceptance here, in the fact that they accept people as they are. No questions asked. Thirdly, there is a connection of touch between dogs and human beings. Everyone needs to hug and be hugged. A dog curled in your lap with her welcoming muzzle shove in your hand gives assurance and fulfillment (Bill, 2011). Dogs are a source of activity. They are naturally playful, and their plays are fun to watch. Having a pet that requires daily exercise gets older people outside into he clean air and sunlight. There is also a sense of responsibility in feeding, grooming, and exercising a dog. It helps the elderly or the infirm to establish and/or maintain their own healthy routine. The dependence of a dog strengthens everyones self-esteem and motivation to carry out daily tasks (Casey, 2010). With a dog, one has someone to talk to. Talking to your dog can help relieve a lot of emotional pressure. Talking to a dog can make a difference, largely by making you feel less lonely. You are able to talk about anything, and your dog will listen or at least seem to. Better still, your dog will not disagree, interrupt, argue, or tell anyone your secrets. You may come up with solutions to your own problems by simply talking to your dog (Owen, 2012). Dogs offer their owners a very significant sense of security and will alert them when a stranger is around. Dogs are also known to provide social contact as they are great icebreakers. They encourage conversation and invite other dog owners to share stories. Dogs provide a link with nature. When there was a rural society, farm animals served to remind humans with their relationship with the natural world. In todays largely urban and industrialized world, many people are isolated from nature. Dogs help fill this emptiness. Lastly, a dog can be a positive role model. Dogs exist for the moment. They deal with both little and big obstacles of life and then eventually forget about them. A dogs virtuousness and absolute trust can help the old people conquer the cynicism that often results from feeling isolated trot and rejected by society (Owen, 2 Up until recent times most dogs were kept to perform a function for their owners. Only wealthy people could afford to keep and feed a dog that did not work for his living. The average person would have expected the companion dogs to at least alert them when intruders arrived, to work as herding animals or to help hunt for food. Working dogs that assist people in many ways other than simply providing companionship are still highly regarded and valued in modern days. Dogs are required for herding, hunting in its different forms as assistance dogs to people with disabilities, as guards, racing dogs, and police dogs. A variety of different training and conditioning methods are used, some less humane than others. Their fates after working lives are also diverse. Considering working dogs and their roles in the light of dog welfare is something that could fill an entire volume, but certain aspects of their treatment and functions are considered. The welfare of dogs used for different functions varies, and it is not easy to discuss the degree of welfare cooperation due to a lack of detailed research into the activity (Ductwork, 2009). There are herding and livestock guarding dogs. They are protective and guard livestock from predators, such as foxes and feral dogs. These dogs are highly valued by landholders that they are even exported to various Mounties including the USA, to assist in the management of livestock. A 2002 report estimated that on average, Australian farmers owned 2. 3 dogs and most valued their dogs highly. Most farmers say that they would have to employ an extra person on the farm if they did not own dogs. The working farm dogs often live outside. Despite this harsh situation, their lives may be much more stimulating and healthy than a backyard urban dog that may never get to run free or put their natural instincts to chase or herd into action (Ductwork, 2009). Guide dogs are trained to help blind and visually impaired people to get about safely. When they are in harness they are effective and when they are out of harness they can play like any pet dog. These dogs have excellent quality of life as they are trained, valued working companions. Guide dogs and their handlers have a highly special bond (Caesar, 2009). Assistance dogs help people with physical disabilities. They give freedom and independence to people with physical disabilities. These dogs are trained for over two years to perform particular responsibilities that will help their disabled owners. Examples of these tasks include opening and shutting doors, switching lights on and off, picking teems off the floor. These are the tasks that are complex for people confined in a wheelchair (Morgan, 2005). It is believed that dogs will soon be used in health facilities to apply their scenting abilities to detect bladder, breast, and lung and skin cancer in humans. The dogs can smell breath or urine to detect the distinct dour that cancer cells emit. Overseas studies have shown that the dogs nose is as accurate in cancer detection as conventional screening tests (Morgan, 2005). In conclusion, therefore, we have found out that your dog gives you absolute love, devotion, and companionship.

10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun

10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun 10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun 10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun By Maeve Maddox Compound nouns are of three kinds: open, hyphenated, and closed. As the names imply, â€Å"open compounds† are written as separate words, â€Å"hyphenated compounds† are written with one or more hyphens, and â€Å"closed compounds† are written as a single word. Many compounds begin as open, progress to hyphenated, and finish as closed. Because of the modern preference to avoid hyphenating words as much as possible, newly created compounds tend to develop closed forms earlier than they might have in the past. Some compounds written as one word in US usage are hyphenated in British usage. Compound nouns are formed by combining different parts of speech. This list of ten is not exhaustive. 1. noun + noun wheeler-dealer bedroom shoelace 2. noun + preposition/adverb hanger-on voice-over passerby (Br. passer-by) 3. noun + adjective attorney general battle royal poet laureate 4. noun + verb airlift haircut snowfall 5. adjective + noun high school poor loser redhead 6. adjective + verb well-being whitewashing 7. preposition/adverb + noun off-ramp onlooker 8. verb + noun singing lesson washing machine 9. verb + preposition/adverb warm-up know-how get-together follow-through 10. word + preposition + word free-for-all mother-in-law word-of-mouth Most compound nouns form their plurals like any other noun: by adding an s to the end of the word: wheeler-dealers, washing machines, onlookers. A few, like mother-in-law and hole in one do not place the s at the end, but on the most significant word: mothers-in-law, holes in one. Some compounds of French origin in which the adjective stands last have more than one acceptable plural (depending upon the dictionary): attorney generals or attorneys general court martials or courts martial film noirs, films noir, or films noirs runner-ups or runners-up Because there are no hard and fast rules regarding the writing of compound nouns, stylebooks advise writers to consult a dictionary when in doubt. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonHow Do You Pronounce "Often"?

Sharpie Pen Tie Dye - Use Science to Create Wearable Art

Sharpie Pen Tie Dye - Use Science to Create Wearable Art Normal tie dye can be messy and time-consuming. You can get a really cool tie-dye effect using colored Sharpie pens on a t-shirt. This is a fun project that even young kids can try. Youll get wearable art and may learn something about diffusion and solvents. Lets get started! Sharpie Pen Tie Dye Materials colored Sharpie pens (permanent ink pens)rubbing alcohol (e.g., 70% or 90% isopropyl alcohol)white or light-colored cotton t-shirtplastic cup Let's Do Tie Dye! ... except you dont have to tie anything. Smooth a section of the shirt over your plastic cup. You can secure it with a rubber band if you want.Dot a Sharpie to form a circle in the center of the area formed by the cup. You are aiming for a dotted ring about 1 in diameter. You can use more than one color.Drip rubbing alcohol on the blank center of the circle. I used the extremely low-tech method of dipping a pencil in the alcohol and dotting it on the shirt. After a few drops, you will see the alcohol spread outward from the center of the ring, taking the Sharpie ink with it.Continue adding drops of alcohol until you are satisfied with the size of the pattern.Allow a couple of minutes for the alcohol to evaporate before moving on to a clean section of the shirt.It doesnt have to be a circle. You can make stars, triangles, squares, lines... be creative!After your shirt is completely dry (alcohol is flammable, so dont use heat on a damp shirt), set the colors by tumbling the shirt in a hot clothes dryer for ~15 minutes.You can wear and wash your new shirt like other clothes now. How It Works The ink in a Sharpie pen dissolves in alcohol but not in water. As the shirt absorbs the alcohol, the alcohol picks up the ink. You can get new colors when different colors of ink mix together. The wet ink will diffuse, or move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. When the alcohol evaporates, the ink dries. Sharpie pen ink doesnt dissolve in water, so the shirt can be washed. You can use other types of permanent markers, but dont expect great success using washable markers. Theyll dissolve in the alcohol to make the tie-dye pattern, but theyll also lose color as soon as you wash them.

Theories and ideologies #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories and ideologies #3 - Essay Example The changes in both Marxism and anarchism are aimed to better the society if adopted. Capitalism has for long been the evil wheel spinning the society and has resulted to production of immense inequality both politically and socially. Capitalism leads to an economic mode of production that sees the rich continue becoming richer and the poor become poorer. The leaders of capitalism pay low wages to the laborers just enough to keep them alive but not to engage in other profit making activities that can compete with them. Meanwhile, they continue making a lot of profit and expanding their own economic empires. With economic power comes political power and hence the rich also hold and control the political power. Communism brings equality to all both economically, socially and politically. Everyone has what is necessary and even the surplus is subdivided among the people. Political power is equally shared and controlled by the people. Social classification is unknown in this society and the common theme is communal ownership hence peace prevails1. A society without individual ownership or a singular form of leadership is the ideal society. People are at liberty to own join property and be in control of the organizations and authority. There is no government to coerce people and neither is their political governance to control the people2. Humanity is at liberty to exercise their rights and aid each other as they wish. Social inequality is unknown as every property possible is shared among the people and no one owns anything. Without personal property, leadership and authority, peace prevails among the people as there is no cause for conflict. Social and economic issues are handled by the whole community in general and hence no place for political ideologies. Workers are in control of the industries and each industry is an independent entity meaning no one has control over it as an individual but rather it is a community property

Email Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Email Hacking - Essay Example Accordingly, the more technically trained and informed people are in the position to not only subjugate the rights of others but also offend their rights. The technology-savvy people can easy use the Internet to hack into the computer systems so that they can steal money, infect others’ computers with viruses, and change information in their private profiles. Emails are frequently used for business transactions these days. People use email to share vital information with one another. Hacking of an email account can yield disastrous results for the account owner and not many people are quite technically skilled enough to recover their email accounts after they have been hacked. This paper discusses several ways in which email accounts can be hacked and the ethical and legal implications of hacking. If an individual is aware of the potential ways in which he/she can be fooled, he/she can take the preventive measures in time to overcome such threats and has fair chances of escapi ng the attack by the offender. Issues in Email Hacking Ethical issues According to the Hacker Manifesto, a hacker commits only one crime which is the crime of curiosity (Trodick, 2011). Levy (2010) identified sex tenets to exemplify the ethics of hacker; according to the first tenet, â€Å"access to computers - and anything which might teach you about the way the world works- should be unlimited and total† (Levy, 2010, p. 23) whereas according to the second tenet, â€Å"all information should be free† (Levy, 2010, p. 24). The hacker ethic is a belief that the sharing of information is a very positive and powerful good. It implies that hackers assume the ethical responsibility to share the expertise they have by enhancing the access to information, writing open-source, and computing all possible resources. There exists a belief that if system is cracked for the purposes of exploration or fun, it is ethically justified till the time the attacker does not commit any vanda lism, theft, or a breach of confidentiality. Every time an individual accesses a system in an unauthorized manner, he/she acts unethically. Ethics varies from one individual to another. Ethics cannot be completely defined by one individual so that a certain action can be deemed right or wrong. Nevertheless, in the democratic system that prevails in the society, every individual’s right to security of privacy and property is acknowledged. This privacy covers the information stored by people on their personal computers or the computers that they are authorized to use. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment explicitly affirms the 'right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures’† (Head, 2012). The Fourth Amendment is interpreted generally as an individual’s right to privacy, though such right cannot be stated explicitly. Nevertheless, every individual in the US says that he/she has a fundamental privacy right of their possessions, though hackers disagree with this. Legal Issues The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 illegalized the unauthorized access to computer or stealing of the information that is related to credit card or private government (teamidesign.com, n.d.). According to Section 3, gaining unauthorized access to the government computers is illegal. On the other hand, the hackers argue that as long as they do not take

Benefits of Organic Food Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Organic Food Essay Organic food, once only found in health food stores, is now a consistent element at local supermarkets. So what is the difference between a conventionally grown apple and an organic one? The answer is in the way the crop is grown and what it is and is not exposed to. In order to be labeled â€Å"organic† the farmer who grew it used renewable resources and conservation of soil and water methods. Also, organic farmers do not use conventional pesticides or weed killers, which may contain synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge. According to Fisher, Sewage sludge from municipalities waste may contain heavy metals and toxins . . . † (1). Rather, organic farmers use sophisticated crop rotations, spread mulch and manure, and even hand pull weeds to keep them away. Instead of applying pesticides, they use beneficial insects and birds or traps to keep pests from harming the crop. The organic apple at the grocery store was never exposed to pesticides, chemicals, additives or preservatives. Pesticides may cause harmful effects to the nervous system and mild skin and eye irritations. Chemicals used in additives and preservatives may disrupt the natural rebuilding of cells and your resistance to disease diminishes after continued exposure to these chemicals according to Lagerquist. According to the USDA, instead of these harmful ingredients, the organic apple has higher levels of minerals, vitamin C and antioxidants. Vitamin C is helpful in protecting your immune system, decreasing cardiovascular disease and promotes healthy skin. Antioxidants protect cells against free radicals that create destructive processes in the cells. Besides being beneficial to your health, organic food has a positive impact on the environment. Farming organic food allows for less groundwater to become contaminated that in the process of farming conventional crops. This is because organic crops are never exposed to harmful chemicals that can seep into the ground and infect our groundwater. This absence of chemicals in the ground water also means that the quality of the soil is greater. When the soil is not exposed to chemicals such as pesticides and insecticides, it is able to be of better quality. With better soil quality, comes stronger crops for years to come. Another benefit to the environment is that organic crops increase biodiversity. Biodiversity is created because the absence of chemical inputs creates a habitat suitable for wildlife. Also, because there is no insecticides used farmers of organic farms are forced to use natural pest control methods. This means that to control one type of pest, the famer has to bring in other pests to kill it, creating a diverse farm. Organic farms also do not use synthetic fertilizers, so one way to keep the soil up is to bring in different types of worms, arthropods, and microbes. These animals stabilize and detoxify soil. Organic farming also helps the environment by using conservation methods. Organic farms are planted where the crops could grow naturally, instead of clearing away land for the purpose of planting there. They also conserve soil by not only planting the crop, but also planting other vegetation where there are places crops are not growing to make sure the topsoil does not get blown away by the elements. Crop rotating is also used. This is when the farmer plants more than one crop in the same place. For example, one year the farmer might plant corn in field, but the next year he plants beans. This process of crop rotation increases the soils productivity and reduces need for farm land. Organic farmers do not use harmful fertilizers. Instead, they take advantage of reusable waste options. These options include human waste and waste from the farm animals. These natural fertilizers do not contain harmful ingredients and it also allows farms to ‘go green’ in a sense that the waste is not going elsewhere. Another environmentally-friendly practice that organic farmers use is tilling. Tilling stirs up the topsoil of farms and makes it so that the soil does not become compact. Compacted soil can result in soil that is unable to create a run-off surface. If this happens, the water will be unable to seep into the soil and irrigate the crop. Tractors passing over soil can cause this compaction to occur, which is why tilling is a more effective way to stir up the soil. And as a bonus, tilling can help get rid of weeds, so it is a win win. Pesticides and preservatives are not only harmful to human beings, but they are also harmful to our environment and ecosystems. Pesticides used in organic farming may run-off and contaminate nearby bodies of water. If enough contaminated run-off from pesticides and artificial fertilizers get into water, it is able to poison animals and fish that live there. According to Raloff, recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to hormones has a substantial effect on the gender and reproductive capacity of fish, throwing off the natural cycle, (1). This is not only harmful to the animals that live there, but if enough fish are dying because of poisoned run-off, the fish industry could suffer and it will affect humans as well. The same chemicals that poison bodies of water could seep into our groundwater and affect the well water we drink and use daily. This does not happen with organic farming, because no chemicals are ever sprayed on the fields and there is much more run off because of tilling practices. Organic farming does not only include crops. There is also organic eggs and meat produced by livestock raised on organic farms. During normal farming of animals, conventional farmers use medications, hormone shots, and antibiotics to promote the health and growth of the animals on their farm. On these conventional farms, animals are forced to be crowded together in dirty, indoor spaces. The living conditions make it necessary for these animals to receive regular medication to fight of diseases that may be caused by their poor living conditions. Because so many animals are crowded together, their manure accumulates rapidly and for convenience for the farmer, is sometimes poured into lagoons which can leak into local water sources and may contaminate our water. Scientists are studying the question that if humans eat hormones found in the meat of animals injected with hormones, if it can affect our human hormones the same way it affects the animal it was injected into. â€Å"Scientists believe about two-thirds of American cattle raised in for slaughter today are injected with hormones to make them grow faster and America’s dairy cows are given a genetically-engineered hormone .. . to increase milk production,† (Raloff, 1). These injected hormones are also a scare because if the animal is digesting them, it means that these chemicals are also in their manure, which is spread on the fields of crops we eat and may be dangerous. Not only could it affect the crop, but also the topsoil, and in turn the groundwater. And again, if it gets into a water source, it has the opportunity to harm the aquatic life living there. In one case, cattle injected with artificial growth hormones revealed serious health problems. These included deformed calves and an increase of a bacterial infection in the udder. In order to treat the infected cows, it needed antibiotics and eventually became reliant on them. Cattle are often forced to produce so much milk that they cannot keep up the nutrients they are losing in the milk and the amount they are given in their food. This imbalance causes them to become malnourished and it makes it easier for them to get more diseases. This type of mistreatment and malnutrition does not happen on organic farms. Healthy plants and animals are more disease resistant. This fact means that as long as the plants and animals are kept clean and healthy, there is little to no need for use of antibiotics or medications. Organic farmers keep the facilities clean to reduce the amount of diseases caused by poor living conditions. Organic farmers allow livestock to live in outdoor conditions with plenty of grazing room. This extra room can greatly decrease the number of diseases in the livestock because they won’t be crowded together to closely. On a conventional farm, livestock is kept indoors and fed possibly unhealthy grains made to make them grow. This is not the case on organic farms. Livestock is kept on a balanced diet and fed using a rotational grazing process. Rotational grazing means that once the livestock has eaten all the grass and vegetation from one field, the farmer will move them to another to allow the vegetation to grow back. This helps maintain the health of the farmland and also keeps the livestock happy by keeping them in an area with enough food, if the livestock is well fed, there is less of a chance that it will get sick as well. If livestock are kept healthy, there is no reason to give it medications, which may not be healthy for the consumer. Organic foods are never bioengineered. Bioengineered foods are foods that are manipulated through their DNA to have traits that are desired. For example, many foods are bioengineered to be resistant to insects, herbicides, and diseases. These crops may seem like a good idea, but many have wondered if these genetically altered crops could be harmful to humans. Crops resistant to bugs and weeds have caused Mother Nature to fight back with â€Å"superbugs† and â€Å"superweeds†, bugs and weeds that have evolved to overcome genetically altered plants. Cases like this cause scientists to turn it up a notch and create a new crop that can defeat the â€Å"supers†. But when is enough enough? Soon the weeds and bugs could become resistant to every type of herbicide resistant plant. There are many health scares associated with bioengineered foods. One is that if a gene is injected into a crop to make it have a more desirable trait, this gene may cause an unexpected danger to the consumer. One such danger is allergic reactions. For example . . . â€Å"bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic† (Villano, 1). Sometimes these dangers can be detected before it is introduced into the public, but sometimes it is not found until several people are affected. Another health risk concerned genetically engineered foods is that for most plants, it is simple to tell that the genetic altering caused an unusual problem in the crop, but in some cases, this is not easily seen. If it is a very obvious problem, the crop may be discarded immediately based on the appearance. However, if the genetic altering caused a problem in low or uneasily seen genes, it may become a problem for the consumer especially if the mutation is in the edible portion of the plant. Again, most of the time these problems would be detected before it is presented to the public, but it may not always be found that soon. This is a very dangerous risk to take. In addition to not being bioengineered, organic food is never exposed to radiation. Food irradiation is frequently used on conventional food because ionizing radiation is can be used to kill bacteria and other germs that may be found in certain foods. These conventionally grown foods are passed through radiation waves on a convention belt. This type of radiation attacks the unwanted organism’s DNA beyond its ability to repair. It can also be used to stop the natural ripening process of fruit in order to prolong the food’s shelf life, and it can be helpful in managing bacteria and other harmful organisms There is much criticism about ionizing radiation. One concern is that irradiation may disguise spoiled food by means of altering the natural growth process of the food. The radiation prolongs its shelf life, but there is reason the food has an expiration date. Some believe that the natural decay of food should not be tampered with. Another scare to some critics is that these chemical changes may not be healthy for the consumer. There are many regulations and inspections in food plants that use irradiation practices, but many critics believe that there is not enough extensive research done of the subject. Critics have several arguments against food irradiation. They argue that food preservation techniques are inefficient because it is unable to undo food spoilage that happened before the radiation treatment. This means that the food is ‘stuck’ in a certain stage of maturity that may not be ideal for the consumer. Another argument is that the radiation process, while getting rid of unwanted organisms, may also remove nutrients that are vital or helpful for the consumer. There are several risks associated with buying conventional foods. These foods may contain pesticides, chemicals, additives, or preservatives that are not natural and may be very harmful for the consumer. When buying organic food, there is never a risk of ingesting any of these harmful substances. Organic farmers use only natural methods of keeping insects, diseases, and weeds away to unsure safety for the consumer. Unlike conventional farms, organic farms are more diverse, more conservative, and use reusable and environmentally friendly practices to keep the earth in good physical shape for years to come. Instead of being concerned with convenience, organic foods focus on health. There are never artificially introduced hormones, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation exposed to organically grown foods. The most disturbing fact about conventionally grown foods that is that little has been tested in the procedures used to grow the food conveniently. It is not proven that food exposed to radiation, bioengineering, pesticides, herbicides, medications, hormones and antibiotics given to livestock are harmless to humans. Many critics believe that these practices could cause extreme damage to humans in the future if it is not tested more thoroughly. So why not play it safe? Organic foods have none of these health risks and actually have higher levels of minerals, Vitamin C, and antioxidants.

Friendship: What Makes a Good Friend? :: Friendship Essays

When I think about what makes someone a good friend, I think about all the characteristics of my own friends. My personal definition of a friend, is someone who is always looking out for me, and will help me if I’m in trouble. A friend has to be someone I trust and who trusts me in return. Another important characteristic in a friend is someone who I can talk to, and makes me laugh. One of the most important traits of a friend, is someone who will help you if you need it. One personal experience I had with this was when my friends, Mark, Steve, and I we all out driving around late at night. We were on our way home from going up to my camp at the lake, it was four in the morning, and we were all tired. I was driving my car and we had just gotten off the Northway when I ran over a glass bottle and my tire popped. I didn’t know what to do. We had no money, and were stranded. Millions of thoughts were racing through my mind: what would I tell my mom, how could we get it fixed, and most importantly how could I stay out of trouble. My friend Mark called up his brother to come and tow the car. His actions that night made me realized that a true friend would takes risks for each other. A strong friendship also depends upon mutual trust. If you can’t trust each other then it is impossible to establish a strong relationship. In the past, I have been able to tell my friends personal feelings, and know that they would keep secrets to themselves. One time my friend and I were riding on my friend James’ lawnmower and we hit the side of the garage. We promised each other that we would take it to the grave. Even though we should have eventually told someone, we kept it to ourselves. Another quality I like to have in a friend, is someone who can make me laugh. A perfect example of this is my friend Bob. Some of the comments he would say would be so outrageous; I couldn’t help but laugh. One time I traveled to Montreal with my friends, and the entire four-hour drive I spent laughing. Bob and I sat in the back seat cracking jokes the whole time. This is important because it is good to know that regardless of the mood, or situation I’m in, a good friend can make me laugh. When I asked other students their thought on friendship, I Friendship: What Makes a Good Friend? :: Friendship Essays When I think about what makes someone a good friend, I think about all the characteristics of my own friends. My personal definition of a friend, is someone who is always looking out for me, and will help me if I’m in trouble. A friend has to be someone I trust and who trusts me in return. Another important characteristic in a friend is someone who I can talk to, and makes me laugh. One of the most important traits of a friend, is someone who will help you if you need it. One personal experience I had with this was when my friends, Mark, Steve, and I we all out driving around late at night. We were on our way home from going up to my camp at the lake, it was four in the morning, and we were all tired. I was driving my car and we had just gotten off the Northway when I ran over a glass bottle and my tire popped. I didn’t know what to do. We had no money, and were stranded. Millions of thoughts were racing through my mind: what would I tell my mom, how could we get it fixed, and most importantly how could I stay out of trouble. My friend Mark called up his brother to come and tow the car. His actions that night made me realized that a true friend would takes risks for each other. A strong friendship also depends upon mutual trust. If you can’t trust each other then it is impossible to establish a strong relationship. In the past, I have been able to tell my friends personal feelings, and know that they would keep secrets to themselves. One time my friend and I were riding on my friend James’ lawnmower and we hit the side of the garage. We promised each other that we would take it to the grave. Even though we should have eventually told someone, we kept it to ourselves. Another quality I like to have in a friend, is someone who can make me laugh. A perfect example of this is my friend Bob. Some of the comments he would say would be so outrageous; I couldn’t help but laugh. One time I traveled to Montreal with my friends, and the entire four-hour drive I spent laughing. Bob and I sat in the back seat cracking jokes the whole time. This is important because it is good to know that regardless of the mood, or situation I’m in, a good friend can make me laugh. When I asked other students their thought on friendship, I

Motivation theory Essay

These two theories, Theory X and Theory Y were proposed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960’s and are basically these theories are related to motivation and they describe different types of attitudes towards workforce motivation. The creator of this theory believes that every organization adopts one of the two theories. According to Theory X, it is assumed that the employees working in the organization are lazy as they dislike work and so they avoid work and due to this they need close supervision control of their leader and due to this the structure of the hierarchy is narrow. Another important thing about this theory is that employees are less ambitious and so they need various incentives to make them work and they have to be forced to do their work. People need to be directed and controlled as they themselves are not eager to take accountability. Theory X can be used in organizations where employees work in the areas of mass manufacturing or production where the management style used is authoritarian. A mistake of Theory X is that it is likely to cause diseconomies of scale to occur in organizations especially those that are large in size. Theory Y is somewhat opposite to theory X and according to Theory Y, it is believed that the employees are self-motivated and they do not need to be controlled to make them do work as they believe that work is natural and they are against control and punishments to be used to make the people work. However, job satisfaction plays a vital role and ensures commitment of the employees towards the organization and they learn to accept responsibility unlike theory X. The creativity in the employees make them accomplish their goals and solve problems and this theory can be adopted by professionals and the management style used is participative. Work Cited 12Manage. (n. d. ). Theory X Theory Y (McGregor). May 7th, 2009. Retrieved from:

Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay

Nurses must be cultural competent before going abroad for them to be able to deliver nursing care that will allow effective interactions and the development of appropriate responses to persons from diverse cultures, races and ethnic backgrounds. Filipino nurses were overworked and underpaid in their own country, which is believed the reason that prods nurses to migrate. One main reason why Filipino nurses work abroad is to have a better future, where ever it may be, beside, most of Filipino nurses were somehow oriented about the culture of other states. They thought that it is better to shift gears for success rather waiting for nothing until they will got old. The principle of each and every Filipino nurses that works abroad, which is to have a better life in days to come is always proven, and the effectiveness of hard work and patience will always have the good result, and a better way of living that will bring them in each sweat that they done best, one of the good factor in working abroad is having the assurance to the successful, if one will do their best to do their best to pursue the dreamed to have a better life. Every Filipino nurses before going abroad must possess cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. Q2. How can the revealed problems of nurses affect the changing practices in the multicultural health settings? Being in new country can be challenging because of the link between language and culture. Although other countries have the necessary language qualifications for entry of practice, they have difficulties if the workplace language is their second language. Nurses need to adjust on how to interact with patients, colleagues and fellow professionals in a multi-disciplinary team. They can experience cognitive fatigue from the need to concentrate on hearing and speaking of unfamiliar language. Language difficulties can lead to medical errors or near misses which affects the quality of care to patient. Male nurses can also face discrimination from other health care workers. Particularly in a work place full of female nurses, they may find they are not given the same respect that female nurses receive in the work place. It is important to speak to a supervisor, where it involves a colleague; they should try speaking to that person first. He may not have recognised that what they were saying amounted to discrimination. Everyone deserves a work place free from discrimination and stereotyping. The more men who continue to train to become nurses and more everyone speaks but against discrimination, the more effective all nurses can be in helping patients. Nurses who are sexually harassed at work frustration and emotional consequences. Sexual harassment at work increases anxiety and undermines the nurse’s ability to focus on the delivery of safe and competent care. Homesickness, weather and food are hard for the Filipino nurses to be adjusted of. But for the sake of their future they conquer this problem. They just think that they have higher income, better benefits and compensation package, lower nurse-patient ratio, more options on working hours and change to upgrade nursing skills, opportunity for family to migrate, opportunity to travel and learn other cultures, influence from peers and relatives and to experience advance technology, better socio-political and economic stability. Q3. Guided by the problems uncovered how the political and economic issues in the healthcare system may improve the nursing practice. Give at least five (5) substantial evidences. Politicians worldwide are confronted by the conflicting demands of a health service increasingly hungry for cash to fund advancing technology, an ageing population requiring more care and a public that wishes to keep taxation low. Changes may also come from a real desire to move the focus of healthcare away from an insensitive technological approach to one based on holistic care. At a time when the status of doctors is in decline, hastened by isolated but high profile ‘scandals’, it is easier to raise the status and responsibilities of nurses, whom the public regard with respect and affection. Other pressures have added to this process. These include a requirement to reduce the working hours of junior medical staff, and new training schemes which provide for more formal teaching and less face-to-face contact with patients. The medical focus is changing from treatment only, to active prevention strategies for example, screening for colorectal cancer. Biological therapies, such as antibodies for Crohn’s disease, are substantially more expensive than traditional drug treatments. Consumers that is, the healthcare-seeking publicare better informed and living longer. They are less tolerant of long waiting lists and want to be active participants in their own healthcare. Nurses are now generally better educated, within a university environment, and are more able to take on responsibility for patient care. The reaction of doctors to change in the status of nurses has been mixed. Some have embraced change enthusiastically: ‘Nurses can do some of what doctors do, usually to the greater satisfaction of patients. Others have been more guarded. But change seems inevitable. The question may be more about whether change will be imposed for the sake of political expediency or whether health professionals will take the lead in shaping the health service of the future. [pic] As I can see this paradigm, the message of this paradigm is as simple as we are committed to delivery of health care service that consist of Transcultural nursing, changing practice, health care system, political and economic issues, ethical, legal and social issues, bioethical issues in nursing and health care and issues in health care.

Danie Theron as a Hero of the Anglo-Boer War

Danie Theron as a Hero of the Anglo-Boer War On the 25th of April 1899 Danie Theron, a Krugersdorp attorney, was found guilty of assaulting Mr W. F. Monneypenny, the editor of The Star newspaper, and fined  £20. Monneypenny, who had only been in the South Africa for two months, had written a highly derogatory editorial against the ignorant Dutch. Theron pleaded extreme provocation and his fine was paid by his supporters in the courtroom. So starts the story of one of the Anglo-Boer Wars most illustrious heroes. Danie Theron and the Cycling Corps Danie Theron, who had served in the 1895 Mmalebà ´gà ´ (Malaboch) War, was a true patriot - believing in the just and divine right of the Boer to stand against British interference: Our strength lies in the justice of our cause and in our trust in help from above.1 Before the outbreak of war, Theron and a friend, J. P. Koos Jooste (a cycling champion), asked the Transvaal government if they could raise a cycling corps. (Bicycles had first been used by the US army in the Spanish War, 1898, when a hundred black cyclists under the command of Lt James Moss were rushed in to help with riot control in Havana, Cuba.) It was Therons opinion that using bicycles for dispatch riding and reconnaissance would save horses for use in combat. In order to gain the necessary permission Theron and Jooste had to convince the highly skeptical burghers that bicycles were as good, if not better, than horses. In the end, it took a 75 kilometre race from Pretoria to the Crocodile River Bridge2 in which Jooste, on a bicycle, beat an experienced horse rider, to convince Commandant-General Piet Joubert and President J. P. S. Kruger that the idea was sound. Each of the 108 recruits to the Wielrijeders Rapportgangers Corps (Cycle Dispatch Rider Corps) was supplied with a bicycle, shorts, a revolver and, on special occasion, a light carbine. Later they received binoculars, tents, tarpaulins and wire cutters. Therons corps distinguished themselves in Natal and on the western front, and even before the war had started had provided information about British troop movements beyond the Transvaals western border.1 By Christmas 1899, Capt Danie Therons dispatch rider corps were experiencing poor deliveries of supplies at their outposts on the Tugela. On the 24th December Theron complained to the Supplies Commission that they were severely neglected. He explained that his corps, who were always in the vanguard, were far from any railway line where supplies were unloaded and his wagons regularly returned with the message that there were no vegetables since everything had been carted off to the laagers surrounding Ladysmith. His complaint was that his corps did both dispatch riding and reconnaissance work, and that they were also called upon to fight the enemy. He wanted to offer them better sustenance than dried bread, meat and rice. The result of this plea earned Theron the nickname of Kaptein Dik-eet (Captain Gorge-yourself) because he catered so well for his corps stomachs!1 The Scouts Are Moved to the Western Front As the Anglo-Boer War progressed, Capt Danie Theron and his scouts were moved to the western front and the disastrous confrontation between the British forces under Field Marshal Roberts and the Boer forces under General Piet Cronje. After a long and hard struggle up the Modder River by the British forces, the siege of Kimberly had finally been broken and Cronje was falling back with a vast train of wagons and many women and children - the families of the Commandos. General Cronje almost slipped through the British cordon, but eventually was forced to form a laager by the Modder near Paardeberg, where they dug in ready for a siege. Roberts, temporarily indisposed with the flu, passed command to Kitchener, who faced with a drawn-out siege or an all-out infantry attack, chose the latter. Kitchener also had to deal with rearguard attacks by Boer reinforcements and the approach of further Boer forces under General C. R. de Wet. On the 25th of February, 1900, during the  Battle of Paardeberg,  Capt. Danie Theron bravely crossed the British lines and entered Cronjes laager in an effort to co-ordinate a breakout. Theron, initially traveling by bicycle2, had to crawl for much of the way, and is reported to have had a conversation with British guards before crossing the river. Cronje was willing to consider a breakout but felt it necessary to put the plan before a council of war. The following day, Theron sneaked back to De Wet at Poplar Grove and informed him that the council had rejected the breakout. Most of the horses and draught animals had been killed and the burgers were worried about the safety of the women and children in the laager. Additionally, officers had threatened to stay in their trenches and surrender if Cronje gave the order to breakout. On the 27th, despite a passionate plea to his officers by Cronje to wait just one more day, Cronje was forced to surrender. The humiliation of surrender w as made much worse because this was Majuba Day. This was one of the main turning points of the war for the British. On the 2nd of March a council of war at Poplar Grove gave Theron permission to form a Scout Corps, consisting of about 100 men, to be called the Theron se Verkenningskorps (Theron Scouting Corps) and subsequently known by the initials TVK. Curiously, Theron now advocated the use of horses rather than bicycles, and each member of his new corps was provided with two horses. Koos Jooste was given command of the Cycling Corps. Theron achieved a certain notoriety in his remaining few months. The TVK were responsible for destroying railway bridges and captured several British officers. As a result of his endeavors a newspaper article, 7th April 1900, reported that Lord Roberts labeled him the chief thorn in the side of the British and had put a bounty on his head of  £1,000, dead or alive. By July Theron was considered such an important target that the Theron and his scouts were attacked by General Broadwood and 4 000 troops. A running battle ensued during which the TVK lost eight scouts killed and the British lost five killed and fifteen wounded. Therons catalogue of deeds is vast considering how little time he had left. Trains were captured, railway tracks dynamited, prisoners freed from a British jail, he had earned the respect of his men and his superiors. Therons Last Battle On the 4th September 1900 in the Gatsrand, near Fochville, Commandant Danie Theron was planning an attack with General Liebenbergs commando on General Harts column. Whilst out scouting to discover why Leibenberg was not at the agreed position, Theron ran into seven members of Marshalls Horse. During the resultant fire fight Theron killed three and wounded the other four. The columns escort was alerted by the firing and immediately charged up the hill, but Theron managed to avoid capture. Finally the columns artillery, six field guns and 4.7 inch navel gun, were unhitched and the hill bombarded. The legendary Republican hero was killed in an inferno of lyddite and shrapnel3. Eleven days later, the body of Commandant Danie Theron was exhumed by his men and later reburied next to his late fiancà ©e, Hannie Neethling, at her fathers farm of Eikenhof, Klip River. Commandant Danie Therons death earned him immortal fame in Afrikaner history. On learning of Therons death, De Wet said: Men as lovable or as valiant there might be, but where shall I find a man who combined so many virtues and good qualities in one person? Not only had he the heart of a lion but he also possessed consummate tact and the greatest energy... Danie Theron answered the highest demands that could be made on a warrior1. South Africa remembered its hero by naming their School of Military Intelligence after him. References 1. Fransjohan Pretorius, Life on Commando during the Anglo-Boer war 1899 - 1902, Human and Rousseau, Cape Town, 479 pages, ISBN 0 7981 3808 4. 2. D. R. Maree,  Bicycles in the Anglo Boer war of 1899-1902. Military History Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1 of the South African Military History Society. 3. Pieter G. Cloete, The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology, J.P van de Walt, Pretoria,351 pages, ISBN 0 7993 2632 1.

Materials, Tips, and Tools to Help you Learn French

Materials, Tips, and Tools to Help you Learn French Learning French is an ongoing and involved process. You cant learn how to speak French overnight, and you probably cant learn on your own, no matter how many books and CDs you buy. What you can do is use this free website to supplement your learning: to get another explanation of something you didnt understand, to get extra practice between classes, and to brush up on what you once learned but have now all but forgotten. Learn French Online Learn French at About.com offers hundreds of lessons and thousands of sound files to help you learn French. If you are just starting to learn French, begin with one of these: Learn French - hundreds of online French lessons, plus study tips and sound filesFrench e-course - Learn just the basics with this 7-day introductory email courseFrench for travelers - Learn greetings, numbers, food, and other practical vocabulary for a trip If you are looking for a particular French lesson, try my Find it! page.   Learn French Offline There are also plenty of offline tools that you can use to learn French: Beginning FrenchFrench audio tapes/CDsFrench dictionariesFrench for kidsFrench grammar booksFrench learning softwareFrench schools About Learning French Not sure yet whether you want to learn French? Keep reading: What is French? - Some facts and figuresWhy learn French - What is learning French good for?Learn French as an adult - Yes, it is possibleIs Spanish easier to learn than French? - Compare them and then decideWhat is the best way to learn French? - Figure yours out Practice your French Dont forget that you also need to practice the French you learn. Daily FrenchFrench practice ideasOvercoming speaking anxiety

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Research - Essay Example The study also evaluated the effects of oral healthcare on intracranial pressure. Data was collected from 45 intubated patients who were admitted in ICU for 1 year. The data was collected using oral assessment guide and oral cultures during intubation and then 2 days after extubation. Occurrence of intracranial pressures linked to oral care and ventilator-associated pneumonia were then recorded. According to the findings, oral health of critically ill neuroscience patients deteriorates during intubation and then improves to baseline levels in two days after extubation. This is because intubation leads to an increase in yeast and oral gram-negative bacteria. Among the patients checked in, around 24% of them had cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (Prendergast et al., 2009). Among those examined, overall intracranial pressure decreased significantly after oral healthcare. Oral health among NICU patients deteriorates in the course of intubation and improves after extubation. The level of oral health deterioration depends on time taken during intubation. The longer the intubation time, the more the oral health deteriorates. In addition to this, when patients are subjected to intubation, their health seems to deteriorates regardless of the nature of their sickness (Prendergast et al., 2009). Intubation contributes to aggravation of oral health among neuroscience patients in intensive care units. However, implementation of oral healthcare does not seem to influence intracranial pressure negatively. Oral care needs to be explored in order to promote systemic and oral health of neuroscience patients in intensive care units and determine its impact on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Nurses should examine the oral cavity of patients every eight hours followed up by suctioning to remove secretions. The nurse should then brush the patient teeth using an antiseptic like chlorhexidine. The mouth should then be rinsed using sterile water. It is important to

Parallel imports are good for welfare, not bad for welfare Essay

Parallel imports are good for welfare, not bad for welfare - Essay Example In the United States annual retail sales of the unauthorized imports, or "gray market" goods, may have approached $10 billion during the 1980s. Governments around the world have struggled with the question whether the exclusive distributor ought to be able to block such parallel importation. (Takamatsu 57) The unauthorized importers have maintained that because their activity encourages price competition and benefits the consumer, it should be freely permitted. Allowing foreign manufacturers to establish exclusive distributorships and prevent all intrabrand competition, they point out, would be inconsistent with the principles of free enterprise in a market economy and would be inconsistent with the interests of consumers. As one gray market retailer pointed out: As a result of this importation of merchandise at lower prices, we sell at lower prices. The price differential to the consumer is between 10 and 40 percent with an average of probably 20 to 25 percent. This savings to the consumer also occurs on merchandise purchased from foreign brand distributors because most of the subsidiaries of foreign manufacturers have been forced to lower their U.S. ... The authorized distributors respond that irrespective of any benefit to the consumer, parallel importation unfairly injures enterprises which have made significant expenditures in generating goodwill, only to have the resultant returns siphoned off to others. The U.S. distributors may, for example, have spent large sums of money preparing to introduce a new product to the North American market, and gone to great effort and expense to build up consumer awareness, as well as to develop effective distribution channels. In 1983 the grey market hit us with full force as up to 30% of our sales were lost to the diverters. We experienced two layoffs and our advertising and promotion efforts were severely curtailed. . . . The impact of the grey market greatly impacted our bottom line as we suffered a catastrophic loss. And even established international brand names require careful attention to local regulatory standards, consumer tastes, income levels, language, and a host of other factors. Typically it is the U.S. distributor's responsibility to monitor and respond to these variables, to preserve and improve a product's image in the public mind. Parallel importers' "free ride" on the goodwill generated by such activities should be prohibited, the distributors maintain. But the parallel importers argue that the goodwill on which they trade ordinarily belongs to the manufacturer, not the distributor. The typical consumer decides to buy a "Nikon" camera, for example, not because of the reputation of the Nikon distributor, but because the customer recognizes the manufacturer's name as signifying a particular standard of quality. And gray market sales, the importers urge, cannot constitute free riding on this goodwill of the foreign manufacturer, since the products

Many Nations Native Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Many Nations Native Americans - Essay Example There is a group of Cherokee people that want to stay in their homelands spearheaded by Principal Chief John Ross. The opposition to the removal of the Cherokees was justifiable and was based on a valid argument. Initially, all the Cherokees were united in opposing the removal from their ancestral homelands. Even after the 1832 court ruling that Cherokees should be allowed to live in their ancestral lands, the government has not heeded. The land lottery that was enacted in 1830 is being implemented, where citizens of Georgia are the beneficiaries of the Cherokee’s land. The Cherokees attempted to fight for themselves with the government on the opposition. Despite some of the Cherokees having no hope in that they will regain their land, a group of them was totally opposed to the removal. One of the strong believers that the Cherokees should not be removed from their homeland was Principal Chief John Ross. He had support from the majority of the people. However, a rift among the people created instability to the Cherokee government. Various advantages helped the group that was opposed to the removal to be dominant and stronger. Firstly, under the Principal Chief John Ross they had a control of the Cherokee government. This means that rebels were thrown out of the government once they were known. Secondly, they were the majority; in this case, the people behind Principal Chief John Ross were much more than those that attempted to collaborate. This ensured that the rebellion became stronger. Thirdly, the elite among the Cherokees supported non-removal. These include Principal Chief John Ross, his brother among other leaders that were more enlightened. Despite their concerted efforts, the non-removal delegation was defeated because both the federal and state governments supported it. Upon the ratification of the Treaty of new Echota by the Senate, the battle was lost despite the push by Ross and his leadership. In

Major Trends Which Affect Microprocessor Information Technology Essay

Major Trends Which Affect Microprocessor Information Technology Essay In the first section I selected the question about Memory Management Unit of Linux operation system. In this section I described the strategies and mechanism used by Memory Management, problems faced by these techniques and solutions to overcome it. In the section number two I chose the question about microprocessor. This question discussed how microprocessors work, major trends affecting to their performance, differences between microprocessors design goals for laptops, servers, desktops and embedded systems. 2 Section1: Linux Operating System Introduction Linux, one of the free open source operating system does sufficient memory management activities to keep the system stable and users demand for errors free. As processes and threads executes, they read instructions from memory and decode it. In such act, instructions would be fetched or store contents of a location in a memory. Then, the processor would execute the instructions which in either way the memory would be accessed in fetching instructions or storing the data. Linux uses a copy-on-write scheme. If two or more programs are using the same block of memory, only one copy is actually in RAM, and all the programs read the same block. If one program writes to that block, then a copy is made for just that program. All other programs still share the same memory. Linux handles memory in such a way that when RAM is not in use, the operating system uses it as disk cache. Below diagram illustrate a brief overview of Linux operating system. C:UsersuserDesktopimages.jpg 3 Memory Management The term memory management refers to the one of the most important parts of the operating system. It consider in provision of memory-related services to applications. These services include virtual memory (use of a hard disk or other non-RAM storage media to provide additional program memory), protected memory (exclusive access to a region of memory by a process), and shared memory (cooperative access to a region of memory by multiple processes). Linux memory management does use the platform of Memory Management Unit which translate physical memory addresses to liner ones used by the system and page fault interrupt are requested when the processor tries to access to memory that is not entitled to. Virtual Memory Virtual memory of Linux is using a disk as an extension of RAM therefore that the effective size of convenient memory grows respectively. The kernel will write the substance of a currently dormant block of memory to the hard disk so that the memory can be used for another function. When the original contents are necessary again, they are read back into memory. This is all made completely transparent to the user; programs running under Linux only see the larger amount of memory available and dont notice that parts of them reside on the disk from time to time. Obviously, reading and writing the hard disk is slower (on the order of a thousand times slower) than using real memory, so the programs dont run as fast. The part of the hard disk that is used as virtual memory is called the  swap space. Virtual memory system consist of all virtual addresses not physical addresses. These virtual addresses are transformed into physical addresses by the processor based on information held in a set of tables maintained by the operating system. To make this conversion easier, virtual and physical memory are shared into handy sized pieces called pages. These pages are all the same size, if they were different size, the system would be very hard to administer 4 The schemes for Memory Management The simplicity of Linux memory model facilitates program implementation and portability in different systems. There exist two schemes for implementation of memory management in Linux; 1.Paging 2.Swapping Paging Demand Paging Currently, saving is done using physical memory by virtual pages when compiling a program. In latter case when a program runs to query a database, not all database will respond, but only those with data records to be checked. For instance a database request for search query will only be loaded and not database with programs that works to add new records. This is also referred to as demand paging. The purpose of using demand paging is to load performing images into a process of virtual memory. Every time when a command is accomplished, the file containing it is opened and its contents are displayed into the processs virtual memory. Memory mapping is executed by modifying the data structure which is describing this process. Even so the rest of the image is left on disk ,only the first part of the image is actually sent into physical memory. Linux uses memory map to identify parts of image to load into memory by generating page faults as the image executes. 5 C:UsersfoxDesktopmmu-vs-iommu-memory.png Page Faults Page fault exception are generated when a process tries to access an unknown page to memory management unit. The handler goes further in examining the currently running process`s memory information and MMU state, then determines whether the fault is good or bad. As good page faults cause the handler to give more memory to the process, the bad faults invoke the handler to terminate the process. From good page faults are expected behaviour to whenever a program allocates a dynamic memory to run a section of code, write a for the first time a section of data or increases its stack size. In such a case when a process tries to access this newly memory, page fault is declared by MMU and the system adds a fresh page of memory to the process`s table. The interrupted process is the resumed. In cases where a process attempt to access a memory that its doesnt own or follows a NULL pointer then bad faults occur. Additionally, it could also be due to bugs in the kernel in which case the handler w ill print an oops information before terminates/killing the process. 6 Swapping Linux separates its physical RAM (random access memory) into pieces of memory called pages. The process of Swapping is accomplished by copying a page of memory to the preconfigured space on the hard disk, known as a swap space, to exempt that page of memory. The combined sizes of the physical memory and the swap space is the amount of virtual memory available. Swapping is done mainly for two reasons; One is insufficient memory required by the system when physical memory is not available. The kernel does swaps out the less used pages and supply the resources to currently running processes. Second, a significant number of the pages used by an application during its start-up phase may only be used for initialization and then never used again. The system can swap out those pages and free the memory for other applications or even for the disk cache. Nevertheless, swapping does have a disadvantage. If Compare with memory, disks are very slow. For example, memory speeds are measured in nanoseconds, but disks are measured in milliseconds, so admittance to the physical memory can be significantly faster than accessing disk. It depends how often swapping occurs, if it happens frequently your system will be slower. Sometimes excessive swapping or thrashing occurs where a page is swapped out and then very soon swapped in and then swapped out again and so on. In such situations the system is struggling to find free memory and keep applications running at the same time. In this case only adding more RAM will help. There are two forms of swap space: the swap partition and the swap file. The swap partition is a substantive section of the hard disk which is used only for swapping; other files cannot locate there. A special file in the file system which stands amongst your system and data files called a swap file. 7 Problems of virtual memory management in Linux There are several possible problems with the page replacement algorithm in Linux , which can be listed as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The system may react badly to variable VM load or to load spikes after a period of no VM activity. Since the Kswapd, the page out daemon, only scans when the system is low on memory, the system can end up in a state where some pages have reference bits from the last 5 seconds, while other pages have reference bits from 20 minutes ago. This means that on a load spike the system have no clue which are the right pages to evict from memory, this can lead to a swapping storm, where the wrong pages are evicted and almost immediately after towards faulted back in, leading to the page out of another random page, etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There is no method to prevent the possible memory deadlock. With the arrival of journaling and delay allocation file systems it is possible that the systems will need to allocate memory in order to free memory, that is, to write out data so memory can become free. It may be useful to introduce some algorithm to prevent the possible deadlock under extremely low memory situation. Conclusion All in all, Linux memory management seems to be effective than before and this is based on the assumption that Linux has less applications that it runs as to compared to windows machines which has more users and more applications. Beside, the system may react badly to variable VM load However, regular updates from Linux has managed to lessen the bugs. Swapping does require more disk memory in case the physical memory is insufficient to serve more demanding applications and if the disk space is too low the user runs the risk of waiting or kill other process for other programs to work. Additionally, resuming the swapped pages may result into corrupted data, but Linux has been in upper hand to solve such bugs. 8 Frequently Ask Questions What is the main goal of the Memory Management? The Memory Management Unit should be able to decide which process should locate in the main memory; should control the parts of the virtual space of a process which is non-core resident; responsible for monitoring the available main memory and for the writing processes into the swap device in order to provide more processor fit in the main memory at the same time. What is called a page fault? Page fault appear when the process addresses a page in the working set of the process but the process is not able to locate the page in the working set. To overcome this problem kernel should updates the working set by reading the page from the secondary device. What is the Minimum Memory Requirement? Linux needs at least 4MB, and then you will need to use special installation procedures until the disk swap space is installed. Linux will run comfortably in 4MB of RAM, although running GUI apps is impractically slow because they need to swap out to disk. 9 Section 2: Microprocessor Introduction Microprocessor incorporates all or most of the functions of Central Processor Unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit, so in the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. The microprocessor is the brain of any computer, whether it is a desktop machine, a server or a laptop. It processes instructions and communicates with outside devices, controlling most of the operation of the computer. How Microprocessors Work Microprocessor Logic A microprocessor performs a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. A microprocessor does 3 main things based on the instructions: Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor is able to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. A microprocessor is able to move data from one memory location to another. A microprocessor is able to make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions. 10 The following diagram shows how to extremely simple microprocessor capable of doing of 3 jobs. The microprocessor contains: An address bus that sends an address to memory A data bus that can sends data to memory or receive data from memory A RD (read) and WR (write) line to tell the memory whether to set or get the address A clock line lets a clock pulse sequence the processor A reset line that resets the program counter to zero and restarts execution 11 Here the explanation of components and how they perform: Registers A, B and C are kind of latches that made out of flip-flops The address latch is just like registers A, B and C. The program counter is a latch with the extra capacity to increment by 1 when or reset to zero it is needed. Major trends which affect microprocessor performance and design Increasing number of Cores: A dual-core processor is a  CPU  with two processors or execution cores in the same  integrated circuit. Each processor has its own  cache  and controller, which enables it to function as efficiently as a single processor. However, because the two processors are linked together, they can perform operations up to twice as fast as a single processor can. The Intel Core Duo, the AMD X2, and the dual-core PowerPC G5 are all examples of CPUs that use dual-core technologies. These CPUs each combine two processor cores on a single silicon chip. This is different than a dual processor configuration, in which two physically separate CPUs work together. However, some high-end machines, such as the PowerPC G5 Quad, use two separate dual-core processors together, providing up to four times the performance of a single processor. 12 Reducing size of processor Size of the processor the one of the major trend what is affecting to the processor in last years time. When the processor becoming small there will be many advantages like it can include many cores to a processor, it will protect energy, it will increase its speed also. 45nm Processor Technology Intel has introduced 45nm Technology in Intel Core 2 and Intel Core i7 Processor Family. Intel 45nm High-K Silicon Processors contain Larger L2 Cache than 65nm Processors. 32nm ProcessorTechnology At research level Intel have introduced 32nm processor (Code Name Nehalem- based Westmere) which will be released in 2nd quarter of 2009 Energy saving Energy is one of the most important resources in the world. Therefore we must save and protect it for future purpose. The power consumption in microprocessor would be one of the major trends. For instance, Intel Core 2 family of processors are very efficient processor, they have very intelligent power management features, such à Ã‚ °s, ability to deactivate unused cores; it still draws up to 24 watts in idle mode. 13 High speed cache and buses In Past year Microprocessor Manufactures like Intel has introduced new cache technologies to their processors which can gain more efficiency improvements and reduce latency. Intel Advanced Smart Cache technology is a multicore cache that reduce latency to frequency used data in modern processor the cache size is increased up to 12MB installing a heat sink and microprocessor 14 Differences between Microprocessors Servers Originally the microprocessor for server should give uninterrupted time and stability with low power consumption and less resources allocating processor for System Cache. Thats why most of the time they use Unix and Linux as the Server based operating systems, because they take less amount of hardware resources and use effectively so the heat which dispatches from the processor is less and the heating would be less. Desktop Processors The desktop microprocessors are a bit different from server microprocessors, because they are not very much concerned of power consumption or use less resources of Operation system. The goal of Desktop microprocessors is to deliver as much performance as possible while keeping the cost of the processor low and power consumption within reasonable limits. Another important fact is out there, it is most of the programs which are being used in desktop machines are designed to do long time processor scheduling jobs like rendering a high definition image, or compiling a source file. So the processors are also designed to adopt those kinds of processing. Laptop Processor The CPU produces a lot of heats, in the desktop computers there are a systems of fans, heat sinks, channels and radiators that are uses to cool off the computer. Since laptop has small size, and far less room for any cooling methods, the CPU usually: Runs at a lower voltage and clock speed (reduces heat output and power consumption but slows the processor down) Has a sleep or slow-down mode (when the computer is not in use or when the processor does not need to run as quickly the operation system reduces the CPU speed) 15 Embedded Microprocessors Most of the embedded devices using Microcontrollers instead of separate Microprocessors; they are an implementation of whole computer inside a small thumb size chip called Microcontroller. These microcontrollers are varying its performance due to battery consumption and Instruction length issues. Most of them are designed using RISC architecture to minimize the complexity and the number of instructions per processor. Embedded device processors have high speed potential but the problem they are having is high power consumption and heating. Conclusion Current technology allows for one processor socket to provide access to one logical core. But this approach is expected to change, enabling one processor socket to provide access to two, four, or more processor cores. Future processors will be designed to allow multiple processor cores to be contained inside a single processor module. 16 Frequently Ask Questions: 1. How does the operating system share the cpu in a multitasking system? There are two basic ways of establishing a multitasking environment; times lice and priority based. In a a times lice multitasking environment each application is given a set amount of time (250 milliseconds, 100 milliseconds, etc) to run then the scheduler turns over execution to some other process. In such an environment each READY application takes turns, allowing them to effectively share the CPU. In a priority based environment each application is assigned a priority and the process with the highest priority will be allowed to execute as long as it is ready, meaning that it will run until it needs to wait for some kind of resource such as operator input, disk access or communication. Once a higher priority process is no longer ready, the next higher process will begin execution until it is no longer ready or until the higher priority process takes the processor back. Most real-time operating systems in use today tend to be some kind of combination of the two. 2.What is a multi-core? Two or more independent core combined into a single package composed of a single integrated circuit is known as a multi-core processor. 3. What is the difference between a processor and a microprocessor? generally, processor would be the part of a computer that interprets (and executes) instructions A microprocessor, is a CPU that is in just one IC (chip). For example, the CPU in a PC is in a chip so it can also be referred to as microprocessor. It has come to be called a microprocessor, because in the older days processors would normally be implemented in many ICs, so it was considered quite a feat to include the whole CPU in one chip that they called it a Microprocessor 17